Abaqus/CAE User's Manual Interacting with Abaqus/CAE 1 Using this manual 1.1 Overview of this manual 1.2 Typographical conventions 1.3 Basic mouse actions 2 The basics of interacting with Abaqus/CAE 2.1 Starting and exiting Abaqus/CAE 2.1.1 Starting Abaqus/CAE (or Abaqus/Viewer) 2.1.2 Exiting an Abaqus/CAE session 2.1.3 Saving model data from an inactive session 2.2 Overview of the main window 2.2.1 Components of the main window 2.2.2 Components of the main menu bar 2.2.3 Components of the toolbars 2.2.4 The context bar 2.2.5 Components of the viewport 2.3 What is a module? 2.4 What is a toolset? 2.5 Using the mouse with Abaqus/CAE 2.6 Getting help 2.6.1 Displaying context-sensitive help 2.6.2 Browsing and searching the online manuals 2.6.3 Finding special sections of the online documentation 2.6.4 Finding information about keywords 3 Understanding Abaqus/CAE windows, dialog boxes, and toolboxes 3.1 Using the prompt area during procedures 3.1.1 What is a procedure? 3.1.2 Following instructions and entering data in the prompt area 3.1.3 Using mouse shortcuts with procedures 3.2 Interacting with dialog boxes 3.2.1 Using basic dialog box components 3.2.2 Entering expressions 3.2.3 Using dimmed dialog box and toolbox components 3.2.4 Disabling warning dialog boxes 3.2.5 Understanding the OK, Apply, Defaults, Continue, Cancel, and Dismiss buttons 3.2.6 Using dialog boxes separated by tabs 3.2.7 Entering tabular data 3.2.8 Customizing fonts 3.2.9 Customizing colors 3.2.10 Using file selection dialog boxes 3.2.11 Selecting multiple items from lists and tables 3.2.12 Using keyboard shortcuts 3.3 Understanding and using toolboxes and toolbars 3.3.1 What are toolboxes and toolbars? 3.3.2 Using toolboxes and toolbars that contain hidden icons 3.4 Managing objects 3.4.1 What are basic managers? 3.4.2 What are step-dependent managers? 3.4.3 Suppressing and resuming objects 3.4.4 Understanding the status of an object in a step 3.4.5 Terms describing object status 3.4.6 Modifying the history of a step-dependent object 3.4.7 Understanding modified step-dependent objects 3.4.8 What happens when deleted objects are referred to? 3.4.9 Managing objects using manager dialog boxes 3.4.10 Managing objects using manager menus 3.4.11 Changing the status of an object in a step 3.4.12 Editing step-dependent objects 3.5 Working with the Model Tree and the Results Tree 3.5.1 An overview of the Model Tree 3.5.2 An overview of the Results Tree 3.5.3 Using popup menus in the Model Tree and the Results Tree 3.5.4 Changing the view of the model 3.6 Saving your Abaqus/CAE GUI settings 4 Managing viewports on the canvas 4.1 Understanding viewports 4.1.1 What is a viewport? 4.1.2 What are arrow and text annotations? 4.2 Manipulating viewports and viewport annotations 4.2.1 Managing viewports and viewport annotations from the main menu bar 4.2.2 Managing viewports and viewport annotations from the Viewport toolbar 4.2.3 The Annotation Manager 4.3 Working with viewports 4.3.1 Creating new viewports 4.3.2 Selecting viewports 4.3.3 Moving viewports 4.3.4 Resizing viewports 4.3.5 Minimizing, maximizing, restoring, or deleting a viewport 4.3.6 Cascading viewports 4.3.7 Tiling viewports 4.4 Working with viewport arrow and text annotations 4.4.1 Annotating viewports 4.4.2 Creating an arrow annotation 4.4.3 Creating a text annotation 4.4.4 Creating combined arrow and text annotations 4.4.5 Manipulating annotations in the current viewport 4.4.6 Editing arrow annotation attributes 4.4.7 Editing text annotation attributes 4.4.8 Plotting annotations in the current viewport 4.4.9 Copying viewport annotations to another database 4.4.10 Rearranging the annotation list order 4.5 Linking viewports for view manipulation 4.5.1 Using linked viewports 4.5.2 Linking viewports 4.6 Working with background images and movies in viewports 4.6.1 Using background images and movies 4.6.2 Displaying a background image 4.6.3 Displaying and customizing a background movie 4.6.4 Customizing the appearance of background images and movies 5 Manipulating the view and controlling perspective 5.1 Understanding camera modes and view options 5.1.1 Camera modes and view terminology 5.1.2 Using view options to control the camera 5.2 Understanding the view manipulation tools 5.2.1 An overview of the view manipulation tools 5.2.2 The pan view tool 5.2.3 The rotate view tool 5.2.4 The magnify tool 5.2.5 The box zoom tool 5.2.6 The auto-fit tool 5.2.7 The cycle tool 5.2.8 Custom views 5.2.9 Numerically specifying a view 5.3 The 3D compass 5.3.1 Rotating the view using the 3D compass 5.3.2 Panning the view using the 3D compass 5.3.3 Predefined views for the 3D compass 5.3.4 Customizing the 3D compass 5.4 Customizing the view triad 5.5 Controlling perspective 5.6 Using the view manipulation tools 5.6.1 Panning the view 5.6.2 Rotating the view 5.6.3 Magnifying or reducing the view 5.6.4 Zooming in to a selected area of the view 5.6.5 Rescaling the view to fit the viewport 5.6.6 Cycling through views 5.6.7 Applying custom views 5.6.8 Saving a user-defined view 5.6.9 Applying a specified view 5.7 Using the 3Dconnexion motion controllers with Abaqus/CAE 6 Selecting objects within the viewport 6.1 Understanding selection within viewports 6.1.1 What objects can you select from the viewport? 6.1.2 What is a selection group? 6.1.3 Understanding the correspondence between geometric and physical objects 6.2 Selecting objects within the current viewport 6.2.1 Selecting and unselecting individual objects 6.2.2 Drag-selecting multiple objects 6.2.3 Using the angle method to select multiple objects 6.2.4 Using the face curvature method to select multiple faces 6.2.5 Adding adjacent objects to a selection 6.2.6 Combining selection techniques 6.2.7 Excluding objects from your selection 6.2.8 Cycling through valid selections 6.2.9 Using groups while selecting entities 6.2.10 Selecting interior surfaces 6.3 Using the selection options 6.3.1 Overview of the selection options 6.3.2 Filtering your selection based on the type of object 6.3.3 Filtering your selection based on the position of the object 6.3.4 Highlighting objects prior to selection 6.3.5 Modifying the shape of the drag-select region 6.3.6 Choosing which objects are selected by the drag-select region 6.3.7 Selecting objects before choosing a procedure 7 Configuring graphics display options 7.1 Overview of graphics display options 7.2 Using display lists 7.3 Using anti-aliasing 7.4 Choosing a highlight method 7.5 Choosing a translucency mode 7.6 Controlling drag mode 7.7 Choosing background colors 8 Printing viewports 8.1 Understanding printing 8.1.1 Printed image formats 8.1.2 Windows and PostScript image layout 8.1.3 Windows printer image size 8.1.4 EPS, TIFF, PNG, and SVG image size 8.1.5 Hardcopy image quality 8.1.6 Importing Abaqus/CAE images into other software products 8.2 Controlling the destination and appearance of printed images 8.2.1 Printing to a printer or to a file 8.2.2 Selecting which part of the image to print 8.2.3 Choosing the color of your image 8.2.4 Choosing the destination of your image 8.2.5 Customizing the image sent to a Windows printer 8.2.6 Customizing the image sent to a PostScript printer or file 8.2.7 Customizing the image saved in an Encapsulated PostScript file 8.2.8 Customizing the image saved in TIFF, PNG, or SVG files Working with Abaqus/CAE model databases, models, and files 9 Understanding and working with Abaqus/CAE models, model databases, and files 9.1 What is an Abaqus/CAE model database? 9.2 What is an Abaqus/CAE model? 9.2.1 What does an Abaqus/CAE model contain? 9.2.2 What are the model attributes? 9.3 Accessing an output database on a remote computer 9.3.1 What is a network ODB connector? 9.3.2 How secure is the access to a network ODB connector? 9.3.3 Tuning the cache size to increase the performance of a network ODB 9.4 Understanding the files generated by creating and analyzing a model 9.5 Abaqus/CAE command files 9.5.1 Replaying an Abaqus/CAE session 9.5.2 Recreating a saved model database 9.5.3 Recreating an unsaved model database 9.5.4 Creating and running your own scripts 9.5.5 Creating and running a macro 9.5.6 Customizing your Abaqus/CAE environment 9.6 Using the File menu 9.7 Managing model and output databases 9.7.1 Creating a new model database 9.7.2 Opening a model database or an output database 9.7.3 Creating a network ODB connector 9.7.4 Customizing a network ODB connector 9.7.5 Managing network ODB connectors 9.7.6 Closing the current output database 9.7.7 Setting the work directory 9.7.8 Saving the current model database 9.7.9 Saving the current model database without a license 9.7.10 Saving the current model database to a new file with a different name 9.8 Managing models 9.8.1 Manipulating models within a model database 9.8.2 Opening an existing model 9.8.3 Copying objects between models 9.8.4 Editing model attributes 9.9 Controlling the input file generated by Abaqus/CAE 9.9.1 Adding unsupported keywords to your Abaqus/CAE model 9.9.2 Adding descriptions to your Abaqus/CAE model 9.9.3 Resolving conflicts in the input file 9.9.4 Writing input files without parts and assemblies 9.10 Managing macros 10 Importing and exporting geometry data and models 10.1 Importing files into and exporting files from Abaqus/CAE 10.1.1 What kinds of files can be imported and exported from Abaqus/CAE? Abaqus file formats Supported non-Abaqus file formats 10.1.2 What can I do with the associative interfaces? 10.1.3 What can I do with the Elysium plug-ins? 10.1.4 Importing an assembly 10.1.5 Know what you want as an end product 10.1.6 Vendors interpret the standards differently 10.1.7 How do solid modelers represent a solid? 10.2 Valid parts, precise parts, and tolerance 10.2.1 What is a valid and precise part? 10.2.2 How are precision and tolerance related? 10.2.3 Working with invalid parts 10.3 Controlling the import process 10.3.1 Repairing a part during import 10.3.2 What are the part attributes? 10.3.3 Scaling a part during the import process 10.4 Understanding the contents of an IGES file 10.4.1 What are the IGES options in Abaqus/CAE? 10.4.2 What is an IGES entity? 10.4.3 What is in the IGES log file? 10.4.4 Exporting to an IGES file 10.5 What can you import from a model? 10.5.1 Importing a model from an Abaqus/CAE model database 10.5.2 Importing a model from an Abaqus/Standard or an Abaqus/Explicit input file Importing parts Importing sets and surfaces Importing descriptions Importing interactions, constraints, and fasteners Analyzing a submodel 10.5.3 Importing a model from an output database 10.5.4 Importing a model from a NASTRAN input file 10.6 A logical approach to successful import of IGES files 10.7 Importing sketches and parts 10.7.1 Importing sketches 10.7.2 Importing parts 10.7.3 Importing an assembly 10.7.4 Importing parts from an ACIS-format file 10.7.5 Importing a part from a CATIA V4- or V5-format file 10.7.6 Importing a part from an Elysium Neutral file 10.7.7 Importing a part from an IGES-format file 10.7.8 IGES entities recognized by Abaqus/CAE when importing a part or a sketch 10.7.9 Importing a part from a Parasolid-format file 10.7.10 Importing a part from a STEP-format file 10.7.11 Importing a part from a VDA-FS-format file 10.7.12 Importing a part from an output database 10.7.13 Importing an assembly from an assembly file 10.7.14 Importing an assembly from a CATIA V4-format file 10.7.15 Importing an assembly from an Elysium Neutral file 10.7.16 Importing an assembly from a Parasolid-format file 10.8 Importing a model 10.9 Exporting geometry and model data 10.9.1 Exporting a sketch to an ACIS-, IGES-, or STEP-format file 10.9.2 Exporting a part to an ACIS-, IGES-, STEP-, or VDA-format file 10.9.3 Exporting the assembly to an ACIS-format file 10.9.4 Exporting viewport data to a VRML-format file 10.9.5 Exporting viewport data to a 3D XML-format file 10.9.6 Exporting model data to NASTRAN bulk data file format Creating and analyzing a model using the Abaqus/CAE modules 11 The Part module 11.1 Understanding the role of the Part module 11.2 Entering and exiting the Part module 11.3 What is feature-based modeling? 11.3.1 The relationship between parts and features 11.3.2 The base feature 11.3.3 Simplifying a part's feature list 11.3.4 What is a part instance? 11.4 How is a part defined in Abaqus/CAE? 11.4.1 Part modeling space 11.4.2 Part types 11.4.3 Part size 11.5 Copying a part 11.6 What is an orphan mesh part? 11.7 Modeling rigid bodies and display bodies 11.7.1 Rigid parts 11.7.2 Sketching the profile of an analytical rigid part 11.7.3 What is the difference between a rigid part and a rigid body constraint? 11.7.4 What is a display body? 11.8 The reference point and point parts 11.8.1 The reference point 11.8.2 Point parts 11.9 What types of features can you create? 11.9.1 Solid features 11.9.2 Shell features 11.9.3 Wire features 11.9.4 Cut features 11.9.5 Blend features 11.10 Using feature-based modeling effectively 11.11 Capturing your design and analysis intent 11.12 What is part and assembly locking? 11.13 What are extruding, revolving, and sweeping? 11.13.1 Defining the extrusion distance 11.13.2 Controlling the direction of an extruded feature 11.13.3 Including twist in an extrusion 11.13.4 Including draft in an extrusion 11.13.5 Defining the axis of revolution for axisymmetric parts and for revolved features 11.13.6 Controlling the direction of a revolved feature 11.13.7 Controlling the cross-section of a revolved feature with pitch 11.13.8 Defining the sweep path and the sweep profile 11.14 What is lofting? 11.14.1 Defining the loft sections 11.14.2 Defining a loft path 11.14.3 Defining loft tangency 11.14.4 Self-intersection checks 11.15 Using the Sketcher in conjunction with the Part module 11.16 Understanding toolsets in the Part module 11.16.1 Using the Datum toolset in the Part module 11.16.2 Using the Feature Manipulation toolset in the Part module 11.16.3 Using the Partition toolset in the Part module 11.16.4 Using the Query toolset in the Part module 11.16.5 Using the Reference Point toolset in the Part module 11.16.6 Using the Geometry Repair toolset in the Part module 11.16.7 Using the Set toolset in the Part module 11.17 Using the Part module toolbox 11.18 Managing parts 11.18.1 Managing parts 11.18.2 Creating a new part 11.18.3 Copying a part 11.19 Using the Create Part dialog box 11.19.1 Using the Create Part dialog box to define the properties of a part 11.19.2 Choosing the modeling space of a new part 11.19.3 Choosing the type of a new part 11.19.4 Choosing the base feature of a new part 11.19.5 Setting the approximate size of the new part 11.20 Adding a feature to a part 11.21 Adding a solid feature 11.21.1 Adding an extruded solid feature 11.21.2 Adding a revolved solid feature 11.21.3 Adding a swept solid feature 11.21.4 Adding a solid loft feature 11.21.5 Creating a solid feature from a shell 11.22 Adding a shell feature 11.22.1 Adding an extruded shell feature 11.22.2 Adding a revolved shell feature 11.22.3 Adding a swept shell feature 11.22.4 Adding a shell loft feature 11.22.5 Adding a planar shell feature 11.22.6 Adding a shell-from-solid feature 11.22.7 Adding a remove-face shell feature 11.23 Adding a wire feature 11.23.1 Adding a sketched wire feature 11.23.2 Adding a point-to-point wire feature 11.23.3 Adding a spline wire feature 11.23.4 Rounding vertices in a wire 11.24 Adding a cut feature 11.24.1 Creating an extruded cut 11.24.2 Creating a loft cut 11.24.3 Creating a revolved cut 11.24.4 Creating a swept cut 11.24.5 Cutting a circular hole 11.25 Using the Edit Feature dialog box 11.26 Using the Edit Loft dialog box 11.26.1 Creating loft sections 11.26.2 Creating a loft path 11.27 Blending edges 11.27.1 Rounding edges 11.27.2 Chamfering edges 12 The Property module 12.1 Entering and exiting the Property module 12.2 Understanding properties 12.2.1 Defining materials 12.2.2 Defining profiles 12.2.3 Defining sections 12.2.4 Defining composite layups 12.2.5 Understanding rebar in shell sections 12.3 Which properties can I assign to a part? 12.4 Understanding the Property module editors 12.4.1 Creating materials 12.4.2 Creating profiles 12.4.3 Creating sections 12.4.4 Creating composite layups 12.4.5 Selecting material behaviors 12.4.6 Specifying material parameters and data 12.4.7 Evaluating hyperelastic and viscoelastic material behavior 12.5 Using material libraries 12.5.1 An overview of material libraries 12.5.2 Managing material libraries 12.5.3 Adding materials from a library to your model 12.6 Using the Property module toolbox 12.7 Creating and editing materials 12.7.1 Creating or editing a material 12.7.2 Browsing and modifying material behaviors 12.7.3 Entering strain-rate-dependent data 12.7.4 Entering temperature-dependent data 12.7.5 Specifying field variable dependence 12.7.6 Selecting and modifying suboptions or test data 12.7.7 Displaying X–Y plots of hyperelastic material behavior 12.7.8 Displaying X–Y plots of viscoelastic material behavior 12.8 Defining general material data 12.8.1 Specifying material mass density 12.8.2 Specifying solution-dependent state variables 12.8.3 Regularizing user-defined material data in Abaqus/Explicit 12.8.4 Defining constants for a user material 12.8.5 Defining field variables at a material point 12.8.6 Specifying the number of user variables 12.9 Defining mechanical material models 12.9.1 Defining elasticity Creating a linear elastic material model Specifying elastic material properties Defining stress-based failure measures for an elastic model Defining strain-based failure measures for an elastic model Creating a hyperelastic material model Overview of hyperelastic material definitions Entering material parameters to define a hyperelastic material Providing test data to define a hyperelastic material Specifying uniaxial test data for a hyperelastic material model Specifying biaxial test data for a hyperelastic material model Specifying planar test data for a hyperelastic material model Specifying volumetric test data for a hyperelastic material model Defining hysteretic behavior for a hyperelastic material model Creating a hyperfoam material model Overview of hyperfoam material definitions Entering material parameters to define a hyperelastic foam material Providing test data to define a hyperelastic foam material model Specifying uniaxial test data for a hyperelastic foam material model Specifying biaxial test data for a hyperelastic foam material model Specifying simple shear test data for a hyperelastic foam material model Specifying planar test data for a hyperelastic foam material model Specifying volumetric test data for a hyperelastic foam material model Creating a hypoelastic materal model Creating a porous elastic material model Creating a viscoelastic material model Overview of viscoelastic material definitions Defining time domain viscoelasticity Specifying thermo-rheologically simple (TRS) temperature dependence for time domain viscoelasticity Defining frequency domain viscoelasticity Specifying shear test data Specifying volumetric test data Specifying combined test data 12.9.2 Defining plasticity Defining classical metal plasticity Overview of classical metal plasticity Using an isotropic hardening model to define classical metal plasticity Using a linear kinematic cyclic hardening model to define classical metal plasticity Using the Johnson-Cook hardening model to define classical metal plasticity Specifying user subroutine UHARD to define classical metal plasticity Using a nonlinear isotropic/kinematic cyclic hardening model to define classical metal plasticity Defining the isotropic hardening component of a nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening model Defining rate-dependent yield with yield stress ratios Defining anisotropic yield and creep Using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) constitutive model in plasticity and creep calculations Specifying cycled yield stress data for the ORNL model Specifying the annealing temperature of an elastic-plastic material Defining cap plasticity Specifying cap plasticity behavior Defining hardening parameters for a cap plasticity model Defining creep parameters for a cap plasticity model Defining cast iron plasticity Defining clay plasticity Specifying clay plasticity behavior Defining clay hardening for a clay plasticity model Defining concrete damaged plasticity Defining a concrete damaged plasticity model Defining concrete compression damage Defining concrete tension damage Defining concrete smeared cracking Specifying a concrete smeared cracking model Defining tension stiffening for a concrete smeared cracking model Defining shear retention for a concrete smeared cracking model Defining the shape of the failure surface for a concrete smeared cracking model Defining crushable foam plasticity Specifying a crushable foam model Defining crushable foam hardening Defining rate dependence for a crushable foam plasticity model Defining Drucker-Prager plasticity Defining a Drucker-Prager model Defining Drucker-Prager hardening Defining Drucker-Prager creep Specifying triaxial test data for a Drucker-Prager material model Defining Mohr Coulomb plasticity Defining porous metal plasticity Defining a porous metal plasticity model Defining porous material failure criteria Defining void nucleation in a porous material Defining a creep law Defining swelling Defining a volumetric swelling model Defining anisotropic swelling Defining the viscous component of a two-layer viscoplasticity model 12.9.3 Defining damage Ductile damage Forming limit diagram (FLD) damage Forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) damage Johnson-Cook damage Maximum or quadratic nominal strain damage Maximum or quadratic nominal stress damage Maximum principal stress or strain damage Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) damage Müschenborn-Sonne forming limit diagram (MSFLD) damage Shear damage Hashin damage Mullins effect Damage evolution Damage stabilization 12.9.4 Defining other mechanical models Defining deformation plasticity Defining damping Defining thermal expansion Defining brittle cracking Defining a brittle cracking model Defining brittle shear Defining brittle failure 12.10 Defining thermal material models 12.10.1 Specifying thermal conductivity 12.10.2 Including volumetric heat generation in heat transfer analyses 12.10.3 Specifying an inelastic heat fraction 12.10.4 Specifying a joule heat fraction 12.10.5 Specifying latent heat data 12.10.6 Defining specific heat 12.11 Defining other types of material models 12.11.1 Defining an acoustic medium 12.11.2 Defining electrical properties Defining electrical conductivity Defining dielectric material properties Defining piezoelectric properties 12.11.3 Defining mass diffusion Defining diffusivity Defining general temperature-driven mass diffusion Defining pressure-driven mass diffusion Defining solubility 12.11.4 Defining a fluid-filled porous material Defining a swelling gel Defining moisture swelling Defining anisotropic swelling Defining permeability Defining the saturation dependence of permeability Defining the velocity dependence of permeability Defining pore fluid expansion Defining porous bulk moduli Defining sorption Defining normal flow across gap surfaces Defining tangential flow across gap surfaces 12.11.5 Defining gasket behavior Defining gasket behavior in the thickness direction Specifying a gasket contact area or contact width for average pressure output Defining the elastic transverse shear behavior of a gasket Defining the membrane behavior of a gasket 12.11.6 Defining equations of state Defining an equation of state Defining shear behavior for an equation of state Defining plastic compaction behavior for an equation of state Defining detonation points for an explosive material 12.12 Creating and editing sections 12.12.1 Creating homogeneous solid sections 12.12.2 Creating generalized plane strain sections 12.12.3 Creating Eulerian sections 12.12.4 Creating composite solid sections 12.12.5 Creating homogeneous shell sections Creating a homogeneous shell section Specifying basic properties for homogeneous shell sections Specifying advanced properties for homogeneous shell section 12.12.6 Creating composite shell sections Creating a composite shell section Specifying basic properties for composite shell sections Specifying advanced properties for composite shell sections 12.12.7 Creating membrane sections 12.12.8 Creating surface sections 12.12.9 Creating general shell stiffness sections Creating a general shell stiffness section Specifying dependencies for general shell stiffness sections Specifying advanced properties for general shell stiffness sections 12.12.10 Creating beam sections Specifying properties for beam sections integrated during analysis Specifying properties for general beam sections 12.12.11 Creating truss sections 12.12.12 Creating gasket sections 12.12.13 Creating cohesive sections 12.12.14 Creating acoustic infinite sections 12.12.15 Creating acoustic interface sections 12.12.16 Defining rebar layers 12.12.17 Creating profiles Choosing a profile type Defining a box profile Defining a pipe profile Defining a circular profile Defining a rectangular profile Defining a hexagonal profile Defining a trapezoidal profile Defining an I-shaped profile Defining an L-shaped profile Defining a T-shaped profile Defining an arbitrary profile Defining a generalized profile 12.13 Creating and editing composite layups 12.13.1 Using the ply table when defining a composite layup 12.13.2 Creating conventional shell composite layups Creating conventional shell composite layups Specifying the plies of a conventional shell composite layup Specifying the offset of a conventional shell composite layup Specifying the shell parameters of a conventional shell composite layup Specifying the display of selected plies 12.13.3 Creating continuum shell composite layups Creating continuum shell composite layups Specifying the plies of a continuum shell composite layup Specifying the shell parameters of a continuum shell composite layup Specifying the display of selected plies 12.13.4 Creating solid composite layups Creating solid composite layups Specifying the plies of a solid composite layup Specifying the display of selected plies 12.14 Assigning sections, orientations, normals, and tangents to a part 12.14.1 Assigning a section 12.14.2 Managing section assignments 12.14.3 Assigning a beam orientation 12.14.4 Assigning a material orientation or rebar reference orientation Assigning a material orientation Assigning a rebar reference orientation 12.14.5 Assigning shell/membrane normal directions 12.14.6 Assigning beam/truss tangent directions 12.15 Using the Special menu in the Property module 12.16 Using the Query toolset to obtain assignment information 13 The Assembly module 13.1 Understanding the role of the Assembly module 13.2 Entering and exiting the Assembly module 13.3 Working with part instances 13.3.1 Understanding the relationship between parts, part instances, and assemblies 13.3.2 What is the difference between a dependent and an independent part instance? 13.3.3 How do I decide whether to create a dependent or an independent part instance? 13.3.4 Changing from a dependent to an independent part instance or vice versa 13.3.5 Linking part instances between models 13.3.6 Excluding part instances from an analysis 13.3.7 Sets and part instances 13.4 Creating the assembly 13.4.1 The position tools in the Assembly module 13.4.2 How the position constraint methods differ 13.4.3 How conflicts can arise between position constraints, translations, and rotations 13.4.4 Positioning a part instance using the Translate To tool 13.4.5 Replacing a part instance 13.5 Creating patterns of part instances 13.6 Performing Boolean operations on part instances 13.6.1 Merging and cutting native part instances 13.6.2 Merging meshed part instances 13.6.3 Merging and cutting independent and dependent part instances 13.7 Understanding toolsets in the Assembly module 13.7.1 Using datum geometry in the Assembly module 13.7.2 Manipulating features in the Assembly module 13.7.3 Partitioning the assembly 13.7.4 Querying the assembly 13.7.5 Creating reference points 13.7.6 Using sets and surfaces in the Assembly module 13.8 Using the Assembly module toolbox 13.9 Creating and manipulating part instances 13.9.1 Using the Instance menu 13.9.2 Using the Model Tree to manipulate part instances 13.9.3 Creating a part instance 13.9.4 Creating a linear pattern of part instances 13.9.5 Creating a radial pattern of part instances 13.9.6 Translating part instances 13.9.7 Translating a part instance to another part instance 13.9.8 Rotating part instances 13.9.9 Replacing a part instance 13.9.10 Converting constraints 13.9.11 Merging or cutting part instances 13.10 Applying constraints to part instances 13.10.1 Using the Constraint menu 13.10.2 Constraining two part instances with parallel planar faces 13.10.3 Constraining two part instances with parallel planar faces separated by a specified distance 13.10.4 Constraining two part instances with parallel edges 13.10.5 Constraining two part instances with parallel edges separated by a specified distance 13.10.6 Constraining two part instances with coaxial faces 13.10.7 Constraining two part instances with coincident points 13.10.8 Constraining two part instances with parallel coordinate systems 13.11 Using the Query toolset to query the assembly 14 The Step module 14.1 Understanding the role of the Step module 14.2 Entering and exiting the Step module 14.3 Understanding steps 14.3.1 What is a step? 14.3.2 Linear and nonlinear procedures 14.3.3 Step sequence restrictions 14.3.4 What is step replacement? 14.3.5 Replacing an Abaqus/Standard procedure with an Abaqus/Explicit procedure or vice versa 14.4 Understanding output requests 14.4.1 What is an output request? 14.4.2 What is the difference between field output and history output? 14.4.3 Propagation of output requests 14.4.4 The output request managers 14.4.5 Creating and modifying output requests 14.5 Understanding integrated, restart, diagnostic, and monitor output 14.5.1 Integrated output from Abaqus/Explicit 14.5.2 Restart output requests 14.5.3 Diagnostic printing 14.5.4 Degree of freedom monitor requests 14.6 Understanding ALE adaptive meshing 14.7 How can I customize the Abaqus analysis controls? 14.7.1 General solution controls 14.7.2 Solver controls 14.8 Using the Step module toolbox 14.9 Using the Step Manager 14.9.1 The Step Manager 14.9.2 Creating a step 14.9.3 Editing a step 14.9.4 Replacing a step 14.9.5 Resetting the default values in the step editor 14.9.6 Accounting for geometric nonlinearity 14.10 Using the step editor 14.10.1 The step editor 14.10.2 The Incrementation tab 14.11 Configuring analysis procedure settings 14.11.1 Configuring general analysis procedures Configuring a static, general procedure Configuring a static, Riks procedure Configuring a dynamic, explicit procedure Configuring a heat transfer procedure Configuring a dynamic, implicit procedure Configuring a fully coupled, simultaneous heat transfer and stress procedure Configuring a fully coupled, simultaneous heat transfer and electrical procedure Configuring a dynamic fully coupled thermal-stress procedure using explicit integration Configuring a geostatic stress field procedure Configuring a mass diffusion procedure Configuring an effective stress analysis for fluid-filled porous media Configuring a transient, static, stress/displacement analysis with time-dependent material response Configuring an annealing procedure 14.11.2 Configuring linear perturbation analysis procedures Configuring a static, linear perturbation procedure Configuring a frequency procedure Overview of frequency extraction procedures Using the Lanczos eigensolver for a frequency extraction procedure Using the AMS eigensolver for a frequency extraction procedure Using the subspace iteration eigensolver for a frequency extraction procedure Configuring a buckling procedure Configuring a complex frequency procedure Configuring a modal dynamics procedure Configuring a random response procedure Configuring a response spectrum procedure Configuring a direct-solution steady-state dynamic procedure Configuring a mode-based steady-state dynamic analysis Configuring a subspace-based steady-state dynamic analysis 14.12 Defining output requests 14.12.1 Creating an output request 14.12.2 Modifying field output requests 14.12.3 Modifying history output requests 14.13 Requesting specialized output 14.13.1 Defining integrated output sections 14.13.2 Configuring restart output requests 14.13.3 Configuring diagnostic printing 14.13.4 Configuring monitor requests 14.13.5 Defining time points 14.14 Customizing ALE adaptive meshing 14.14.1 Defining an ALE adaptive mesh region 14.14.2 Specifying ALE adaptive mesh constraints 14.14.3 Specifying controls for ALE adaptive meshing Specifying ALE adaptive mesh controls for an Abaqus/Standard analysis Specifying ALE adaptive mesh controls for an Abaqus/Explicit analysis 14.15 Customizing the Abaqus analysis controls 14.15.1 Customizing general solution controls 14.15.2 Customizing solver controls 15 The Interaction module 15.1 Understanding the role of the Interaction module 15.2 Entering and exiting the Interaction module 15.3 Understanding interactions 15.4 Understanding interaction properties 15.5 Understanding constraints 15.6 Understanding contact and constraint detection 15.6.1 The contact detection dialog box 15.6.2 The contact detection algorithm Additional criteria for defining contact pairs Contact detection for native geometry Contact detection for meshed models Detection of overclosed surfaces Defining contact within the same instance and self-contact Considerations for shells 15.6.3 Default interaction and constraint parameters 15.6.4 Tips for using the contact detection tool Choosing a separation tolerance and extension angle Reviewing contact pair candidates Saving the search parameters Features that may cause difficulties for the contact detection tool Limitations of the contact detection tool 15.7 Understanding connectors 15.8 Understanding connector sections and functions 15.8.1 Connection types 15.8.2 Connector behaviors 15.8.3 What types of friction models are available? 15.8.4 Connector derived components and connector potentials 15.9 Understanding Interaction module managers and editors 15.9.1 Managing objects in the Interaction module 15.9.2 Interaction editors 15.9.3 Interaction property editors 15.9.4 Contact controls editors 15.9.5 Contact initialization editor 15.9.6 Constraint editors 15.9.7 Connector section editors 15.9.8 Connector section assignment editors 15.10 Understanding symbols that represent interactions, constraints, and connectors 15.11 Using the Interaction module toolbox 15.12 Using the Interaction module 15.12.1 Creating interactions 15.12.2 Creating interaction properties 15.12.3 Customizing contact controls 15.12.4 Creating contact initializations 15.12.5 Creating constraints 15.12.6 Selecting a process for defining connector geometry 15.12.7 Creating a single connector 15.12.8 Creating or modifying wire features for multiple connectors 15.12.9 Creating connector sections Creating connector sections for assembled, complex, and basic connection types Creating connector sections for MPC types 15.12.10 Creating and modifying connector section assignments 15.12.11 Editing the region to which an interaction or constraint is applied 15.12.12 Using the Special menu in the Interaction module 15.13 Using the interaction editors 15.13.1 Defining general contact 15.13.2 Specifying and modifying contact property assignments for general contact 15.13.3 Specifying and modifying contact initialization assignments for general contact 15.13.4 Specifying surface property assignments for general contact 15.13.5 Specifying master-slave assignments for general contact 15.13.6 Defining surface-to-surface contact Defining surface-to-surface contact in an Abaqus/Standard analysis Defining surface-to-surface contact in an Abaqus/Explicit analysis Specifying interference fit options 15.13.7 Defining self-contact Defining self-contact in an Abaqus/Standard analysis Defining self-contact in an Abaqus/Explicit analysis 15.13.8 Specifying contact controls in an Abaqus/Standard analysis 15.13.9 Specifying contact controls in an Abaqus/Explicit analysis 15.13.10 Defining a Standard-Explicit co-simulation interaction 15.13.11 Defining acoustic impedance 15.13.12 Defining incident waves 15.13.13 Defining cyclic symmetry 15.13.14 Defining foundations 15.13.15 Defining a cavity radiation interaction Defining cavity radiation properties and viewfactors Defining cavity radiation symmetry 15.13.16 Defining a surface film condition interaction 15.13.17 Defining a concentrated film condition interaction 15.13.18 Defining a surface radiative interaction 15.13.19 Defining a concentrated radiative interaction 15.13.20 Defining an actuator/sensor interaction 15.14 Using the interaction property editors 15.14.1 Defining a contact interaction property Defining mechanical contact property options Specifying frictional behavior for mechanical contact property options Specifying pressure-overclosure relationships for mechanical contact property options Specifying damping for mechanical contact property options Specifying cohesive behavior properties for mechanical contact property options Specifying cohesive damage properties for mechanical contact property options Specifying geometric properties for mechanical contact property options Defining thermal contact property options Specifying thermal conductance for thermal contact property options Specifying heat generation for thermal contact property options Specifying radiation for thermal contact property options 15.14.2 Defining a film condition interaction property 15.14.3 Defining a cavity radiation interaction property 15.14.4 Defining an acoustic impedance interaction property 15.14.5 Defining an incident wave interaction property 15.14.6 Defining an actuator/sensor interaction property 15.15 Using the constraint editors 15.15.1 Defining tie constraints 15.15.2 Defining rigid body constraints 15.15.3 Defining display body constraints 15.15.4 Defining coupling constraints 15.15.5 Defining MPC constraints 15.15.6 Defining shell-to-solid coupling constraints 15.15.7 Defining embedded region constraints 15.15.8 Defining equation constraints 15.16 Using contact and constraint detection 15.16.1 Specifying search criteria for contact detection Specifying general search options for contact detection Specifying naming options for contact detection Specifying entity options for contact detection Defining default contact pair parameters Specifying advanced search options for contact detection 15.16.2 Performing a search for contact pairs 15.16.3 Reviewing and modifying detected contact pairs Confirming search results in the viewport Configuring the layout of the contact pair candidates table Reviewing detected contact pairs Modifying contact pair definitions Creating suppressed interactions and constraints Miscellaneous review procedures 15.16.4 Creating interactions for automatically detected contact pairs 15.17 Using the connector section editors 15.17.1 Defining elasticity 15.17.2 Defining damping 15.17.3 Defining friction 15.17.4 Configuring tangential behavior for connector friction 15.17.5 Specifying predefined friction parameters or contact forces 15.17.6 Defining plasticity 15.17.7 Defining damage 15.17.8 Defining damage evolution 15.17.9 Defining a stop 15.17.10 Defining a lock 15.17.11 Defining failure 15.17.12 Defining a reference length 15.17.13 Defining time integration 15.17.14 Specifying behavior settings for tabular data 15.17.15 Specifying connector derived components 15.17.16 Specifying potential terms 15.18 Using the Query toolset to obtain connector assignment information 16 The Load module 16.1 Understanding the role of the Load module 16.2 Entering and exiting the Load module 16.3 Managing prescribed conditions 16.4 Creating and modifying prescribed conditions 16.5 Understanding symbols that represent prescribed conditions 16.5.1 Understanding prescribed condition symbol type, color, and size 16.5.2 What do single-headed and double-headed arrows represent? 16.5.3 Understanding symbol location and direction 16.6 Transferring results between Abaqus analyses 16.7 Using the Load module toolbox 16.8 Using the Load module 16.8.1 Creating loads 16.8.2 Creating boundary conditions 16.8.3 Creating predefined fields 16.8.4 Editing the region to which a prescribed condition is applied 16.9 Using the load editors 16.9.1 Defining a concentrated force 16.9.2 Defining a moment 16.9.3 Defining a pressure load 16.9.4 Defining a shell edge load 16.9.5 Defining a surface traction load 16.9.6 Defining a pipe pressure load 16.9.7 Defining a body force 16.9.8 Defining a line load 16.9.9 Defining a gravity load 16.9.10 Defining a generalized plane strain load 16.9.11 Defining a rotational body force 16.9.12 Defining a Coriolis force 16.9.13 Defining a connector force 16.9.14 Defining a connector moment 16.9.15 Defining an inertia relief load 16.9.16 Defining a surface heat flux 16.9.17 Defining a body heat flux 16.9.18 Defining a concentrated heat flux 16.9.19 Defining an inward volume acceleration 16.9.20 Defining a concentrated pore fluid flow 16.9.21 Defining a surface pore fluid flow 16.9.22 Defining a concentrated current 16.9.23 Defining a surface current 16.9.24 Defining a body current 16.9.25 Defining a concentrated charge 16.9.26 Defining a surface charge 16.9.27 Defining a body charge 16.9.28 Defining a concentrated concentration flux 16.9.29 Defining a surface concentration flux 16.9.30 Defining a body concentration flux 16.10 Using the boundary condition editors 16.10.1 Defining a symmetry/antisymmetry/encastre boundary condition 16.10.2 Defining a displacement/rotation boundary condition 16.10.3 Defining a velocity/angular velocity boundary condition 16.10.4 Defining an acceleration/angular acceleration boundary condition 16.10.5 Defining a connector displacement boundary condition 16.10.6 Defining a connector velocity boundary condition 16.10.7 Defining a connector acceleration boundary condition 16.10.8 Specifying temperature 16.10.9 Defining a pore pressure boundary condition 16.10.10 Defining an electric potential boundary condition 16.10.11 Defining a mass concentration boundary condition 16.10.12 Defining an acoustic pressure boundary condition 16.10.13 Defining a connector material flow boundary condition 16.11 Using the predefined field editors 16.11.1 Defining an initial velocity field 16.11.2 Defining a hardening field 16.11.3 Defining a temperature field 16.11.4 Defining a material assignment field 16.11.5 Defining an initial state field 17 The Mesh module 17.1 Understanding the role of the Mesh module 17.2 Entering and exiting the Mesh module 17.3 Mesh module basics 17.3.1 The meshing process 17.3.2 Mesh attributes and controls 17.3.3 Mesh generation 17.3.4 Top-down meshing 17.3.5 Bottom-up meshing 17.3.6 Mesh technique color coding 17.3.7 Mesh refinement 17.3.8 Mesh optimization 17.3.9 Mesh verification 17.3.10 Meshing independent and dependent part instances 17.3.11 Displaying a native mesh 17.4 Understanding seeding 17.4.1 What are mesh seeds? 17.4.2 Can I seed a face or a cell? 17.4.3 Controlling the seed density 17.4.4 Applying curvature control to your seeding 17.4.5 Constraining seeds 17.4.6 Minimizing seed repositioning 17.4.7 What is the relationship between vertices and nodes? 17.5 Assigning Abaqus element types 17.5.1 How do mesh elements correspond to Abaqus elements? 17.5.2 What kinds of elements must be generated outside the Mesh module? 17.5.3 Element type assignment 17.6 Verifying and improving meshes 17.6.1 Verifying your mesh 17.6.2 Querying your mesh 17.6.3 Why partition in the Mesh module? 17.6.4 How are seeds and other attributes affected by partitioning? 17.6.5 Regenerating partitions after modifying geometry 17.6.6 Using virtual topology to improve your mesh 17.6.7 Using adaptive remeshing to improve your mesh 17.7 Understanding mesh generation 17.7.1 Overview 17.7.2 Preserving the precision of nodal coordinates 17.7.3 Determining which regions are meshable 17.7.4 What should I do if a region fails to mesh? 17.7.5 What is a mesh transition? 17.7.6 What is the difference between the medial axis algorithm and the advancing front algorithm? 17.7.7 What kinds of meshes cannot be generated automatically? 17.7.8 When will Abaqus/CAE delete a mesh? 17.7.9 Do I have to mesh the entire model in one operation? 17.7.10 Can I change the geometric order of the elements in a mesh? 17.8 Structured meshing and mapped meshing 17.8.1 What is structured meshing? 17.8.2 What is mapped meshing? 17.8.3 Two-dimensional structured meshing 17.8.4 Three-dimensional structured meshing 17.8.5 Using structured meshing near concave boundaries 17.8.6 When can Abaqus/CAE apply mapped meshing? 17.9 Swept meshing 17.9.1 What is swept meshing? 17.9.2 Swept meshing of surfaces 17.9.3 Swept meshing of three-dimensional solids 17.9.4 Characteristics of the geometry can prevent a part from being swept meshable 17.10 Free meshing 17.10.1 What is free meshing? 17.10.2 Free meshing with quadrilateral and quadrilateral-dominated elements 17.10.3 Free meshing with triangular and tetrahedral elements 17.10.4 What is a tetrahedral boundary mesh? 17.10.5 What can I do with a boundary mesh? 17.11 Bottom-up meshing 17.11.1 What is bottom-up meshing? 17.11.2 Bottom-up meshing methods 17.11.3 Selecting parameters for a bottom-up mesh 17.11.4 Mesh-geometry association 17.11.5 Creating the boundary mesh for a bottom-up region 17.11.6 Improving the quality of boundary meshes for a bottom-up region 17.11.7 Defining connecting sides for a bottom-up swept mesh 17.11.8 Creating a bottom-up mesh 17.11.9 Viewing and editing mesh-geometry associativity 17.11.10 An example including bottom-up meshing techniques Partitioning the unmeshable region and meshing the top-down regions Beginning the bottom-up mesh Continuing the bottom-up mesh Completing the mesh for the bottom-up region Checking the association of the bottom-up mesh with the geometry Associating the remainder of the bottom-up mesh 17.12 Understanding adaptive remeshing 17.12.1 What are remeshing rules? 17.12.2 Which mesh controls can I use with adaptive remeshing? 17.12.3 Which procedures can I use with adaptive remeshing? 17.12.4 What is the difference between automatic adaptive remeshing and manual adaptive remeshing? 17.12.5 When do I need to use manual adaptive remeshing? 17.13 Advanced meshing techniques 17.13.1 Meshing multiple three-dimensional solid regions 17.13.2 Meshing multiple two- and three-dimensional shell regions 17.13.3 Compatible meshes between part instances 17.13.4 Parametric modeling 17.13.5 Meshing complex solids with hexahedral elements 17.14 Using the Mesh module toolbox 17.15 Seeding a model 17.15.1 Defining seed density for an entire part or part instance 17.15.2 Seeding an edge by prescribing the number of elements 17.15.3 Seeding an edge by prescribing element size 17.15.4 Prescribing biased seeding along an edge 17.15.5 Applying constraints to edge seeds 17.15.6 Seeding previously meshed parts, part instances, or regions 17.15.7 Deleting part or instance seeds 17.15.8 Deleting edge seeds 17.15.9 Relaxing constraints using the error dialog box 17.16 Creating and deleting meshes 17.16.1 Creating a mesh 17.16.2 Deleting a mesh 17.17 Controlling mesh characteristics 17.17.1 Assigning mesh controls 17.17.2 Choosing an element shape 17.17.3 Selecting a meshing technique 17.17.4 Redefining region corners 17.17.5 Setting the mesh algorithm 17.17.6 Specifying the sweep path 17.17.7 Sweep meshing a solid, revolved region whose profile touches the axis of revolution 17.17.8 Changing mesh controls for previously meshed regions 17.17.9 Associating Abaqus elements with mesh regions 17.18 Obtaining mesh information and statistics 17.18.1 Verifying element quality 17.18.2 Obtaining mesh information 17.19 Creating an orphan mesh part 17.20 Controlling adaptive remeshing 17.20.1 Creating a remeshing rule 17.20.2 Selecting the step and error indicator output variables for the remeshing rule 17.20.3 Choosing the remeshing rule sizing method 17.20.4 Choosing remeshing rule constraints 17.20.5 The Remeshing Rules Manager 17.20.6 Manually resizing and remeshing 18 The Job module 18.1 Understanding the role of the Job module 18.2 Understanding analysis jobs 18.2.1 Basic steps for analyzing a model 18.2.2 Entering and exiting the Job module 18.2.3 The Job Manager 18.2.4 The job editor 18.2.5 Selecting a job type 18.2.6 Monitoring the progress of an analysis job 18.2.7 Submitting a job remotely 18.3 Understanding adaptivity processes 18.3.1 What is an adaptivity process? 18.3.2 When will my mesh adaptivity stop iterating? 18.3.3 Manual mesh adaptivity 18.3.4 Using a combination of automatic and manual mesh adaptivity 18.3.5 The Adaptivity Process Manager 18.4 Understanding co-executions 18.4.1 What is a co-execution? 18.4.2 The Co-execution Manager 18.4.3 The co-execution editor 18.5 Restarting an analysis 18.5.1 Controlling a restart analysis 18.5.2 Files required to restart an analysis 18.5.3 Rules governing a restart analysis 18.5.4 The relationship between the model and the restart analysis 18.5.5 Restarting after adding more analysis steps to the model 18.5.6 Restarting after modifying existing analysis steps 18.5.7 Restarting from the middle of a step 18.5.8 Visualizing results from restart analyses 18.5.9 Recovering an Abaqus/Standard analysis 18.5.10 Remote submission of restart jobs 18.6 Creating, editing, and manipulating jobs 18.6.1 Creating a new analysis job 18.6.2 Writing the input file only 18.6.3 Performing a data check on a model 18.6.4 Submitting an analysis job 18.6.5 Continuing an analysis job after a data check 18.6.6 Terminating an analysis job 18.6.7 Viewing the results of your job 18.7 Using the job editor 18.7.1 Navigating the job customization options 18.7.2 Configuring job submission attributes 18.7.3 Choosing the job type 18.7.4 Choosing the job run mode 18.7.5 Setting the job submit time 18.7.6 Specifying general job settings 18.7.7 Controlling job memory settings 18.7.8 Controlling job parallel execution 18.7.9 Controlling job precision 18.8 Creating, editing, and manipulating adaptivity processes 18.8.1 Creating a new adaptivity process 18.8.2 Performing a data check on an adaptivity process 18.8.3 Submitting an adaptivity process 18.8.4 Continuing an adaptivity process after a data check 18.8.5 Terminating an adaptivity process 18.9 Using the adaptivity process editor 18.9.1 Navigating the adaptivity process customization options 18.9.2 Configuring adaptivity process attributes 18.9.3 Specifying general adaptivity process settings 18.9.4 Controlling adaptivity process memory settings 18.9.5 Controlling adaptivity process parallel execution 18.9.6 Controlling adaptivity process precision 18.10 Creating, editing, and manipulating co-executions 18.10.1 Creating and editing co-executions 18.10.2 Performing a data check on a co-execution 18.10.3 Submitting a co-execution 18.10.4 Continuing a co-execution after a data check 18.10.5 Terminating a co-execution 19 The Sketch module 19.1 Understanding the role of the Sketch module 19.2 Entering and exiting the Sketch module 19.3 Overview of the Sketch module 19.3.1 Stand-alone sketches 19.3.2 Imported sketches 19.4 Basic Sketcher concepts 19.4.1 The Sketcher tools 19.4.2 The Sketcher sheet and grid 19.4.3 How Abaqus/CAE orients your sketch 19.4.4 Realigning the sketch grid relative to the sketch 19.4.5 The Sketcher cursors and preselection 19.4.6 Using the chain method to select edges in the Sketcher 19.4.7 How Sketcher customization options are initialized and saved 19.4.8 Using the Query toolset in the Sketcher 19.5 Sketcher geometry 19.5.1 Reference geometry 19.5.2 Construction geometry 19.6 Specifying precise geometry 19.7 Controlling sketch geometry 19.7.1 Using constraints to control sketch geometry 19.7.2 Using dimensions to control sketch geometry 19.7.3 Using parameters to control sketch geometry 19.7.4 Fully constrained geometry 19.8 Modifying, copying, and offsetting objects 19.8.1 Modifying a sketch by dragging objects 19.8.2 Modifying objects by changing dimensions or adding parameters 19.8.3 Modifying or copying objects by selecting edges 19.8.4 Modifying edges by trimming, extending, splitting, or merging 19.8.5 Copying sketch objects to create patterns 19.8.6 Offsetting objects 19.9 Customizing the Sketcher 19.9.1 Overview of Sketcher customization options 19.9.2 Turning snapping on or off 19.9.3 Turning preselection on or off 19.9.4 Customizing the sheet size and grid 19.9.5 Realigning the sketch grid 19.9.6 Displaying and hiding construction geometry 19.9.7 Limiting the projection of coplanar entities 19.9.8 Setting the maximum number of recorded sketching operations 19.9.9 Customizing the format and use of dimensions in the Sketcher 19.9.10 Customizing the use of constraints in the Sketcher 19.9.11 Managing images in the Sketcher background 19.10 Sketching simple objects 19.10.1 Sketching an isolated point 19.10.2 Sketching lines and polygons 19.10.3 Sketching rectangles 19.10.4 Sketching circles 19.10.5 Sketching arcs using a center point and two endpoints 19.10.6 Sketching arcs through three points 19.10.7 Sketching arcs tangent to a line 19.10.8 Sketching ellipses 19.10.9 Sketching fillets between two lines 19.10.10 Sketching splines 19.11 Creating construction geometry 19.11.1 Creating a horizontal construction line 19.11.2 Creating a vertical construction line 19.11.3 Creating an oblique construction line 19.11.4 Creating angled construction lines 19.11.5 Creating a construction circle 19.11.6 Setting sketch components as construction geometry 19.12 Constraining, dimensioning, and parameterizing a sketch 19.12.1 Automatically constraining a sketch 19.12.2 Automatically dimensioning a sketch 19.12.3 Adding individual constraints 19.12.4 Adding individual dimensions 19.12.5 Adding and editing parameters 19.12.6 Creating parametric equations 19.13 Editing dimensions 19.14 Adding reference geometry 19.15 Projecting edges onto a sketch 19.16 Moving or copying sketch geometry 19.16.1 Translating Sketcher objects along a vector 19.16.2 Rotating Sketcher objects about a point 19.16.3 Enlarging or reducing Sketcher objects 19.16.4 Moving or copying Sketcher objects about a mirror line 19.17 Modifying objects 19.17.1 Dragging Sketcher objects 19.17.2 Modifying Sketcher objects by trimming or extending edges 19.17.3 Modifying Sketcher objects by automatically trimming edges 19.17.4 Modifying Sketcher objects by splitting edges 19.17.5 Modifying Sketcher objects by merging edges 19.18 Repairing short edges, gaps, and overlaps 19.18.1 Removing gaps and overlaps 19.18.2 Repairing short edges 19.19 Creating patterns, offsetting, and deleting objects 19.19.1 Creating linear patterns of objects 19.19.2 Creating radial patterns of objects 19.19.3 Offsetting the edges of Sketcher objects 19.19.4 Deleting Sketcher objects 19.20 Undoing and redoing sketching actions 19.21 Resetting the view 19.22 Managing stand-alone sketches 19.22.1 Managing stand-alone sketches 19.22.2 Creating stand-alone sketches 19.22.3 Saving the current sketch as a stand-alone sketch 19.22.4 Adding stand-alone sketches Modeling techniques 20 Adhesive joints and bonded interfaces 20.1 Overview of adhesive joint and bonded interface modeling 20.2 Embedding cohesive elements in an existing three-dimensional mesh 20.3 Creating a model with cohesive elements using geometry and mesh tools 20.4 Defining tie constraints between the cohesive layer and the surrounding bulk material 20.5 Assigning cohesive modeling data 21 Bolt loads 21.1 Understanding bolt loads 21.2 Creating and editing bolt loads 22 Composite layups 22.1 An overview of composite layups 22.2 Creating a composite layup 22.3 Understanding composite layups and orientations 22.4 Understanding composite layups and distributions 22.5 Requesting output from a composite layup 22.6 Viewing a composite layup 23 Connectors 23.1 Overview of connector modeling 23.2 What is a connector? 23.3 What is a connector section? 23.4 What is a CORM? 23.5 What are connector behaviors? 23.6 Creating the connector geometry, connector sections, and connector section assignments 23.7 What is the relationship between reference points and connectors? 23.8 Defining connector orientations in connector section assignments 23.9 Requesting output from connectors 23.10 Applying connector loads and connector boundary conditions 23.11 Displaying connectors in the Visualization module 24 Continuum shells 24.1 Overview of continuum shell modeling 24.2 Meshing parts with continuum shell elements 24.3 Orienting continuum shell elements 25 Co-simulations 25.1 Overview of co-simulations 25.2 What is a co-simulation? 25.3 Linking and excluding part instances for co-simulations 25.4 Ensuring mesh compatibility on the interface regions 25.5 Specifying the interface region and coupling schemes 25.6 Identifying the models involved and specifying job parameters 25.7 Viewing results of the co-simulation 26 Display bodies 26.1 What is a display body? 26.2 Should I mesh a display body? 26.3 Displaying display bodies in the Visualization module 27 Eulerian analyses 27.1 Overview of Eulerian analyses 27.2 Assembling coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian models in Abaqus/CAE 27.3 Defining contact in Eulerian-Lagrangian models 27.4 Assigning materials to Eulerian part instances 27.5 The volume fraction tool 27.5.1 Requirements for the volume fraction tool 27.6 Viewing output from Eulerian analyses 28 Fasteners 28.1 Defining fasteners 28.2 Managing fasteners 28.3 Creating point-based fasteners 28.3.1 Defining the surfaces where fasteners will be connected 28.3.2 Defining the fastener attachment zone 28.3.3 Defining the fastener properties 28.3.4 Defining the fastener formulation 28.3.5 Adjusting the fastener definition 28.4 Creating discrete fasteners 29 Fracture mechanics 29.1 Seam cracks 29.1.1 What is a seam? 29.1.2 Creating a seam 29.2 Using contour integrals to model fracture mechanics 29.2.1 An overview of contour integral analysis 29.2.2 Defining the crack front 29.2.3 Defining the crack tip or crack line 29.2.4 Defining the crack extension direction 29.2.5 Controlling the singularity at the crack tip for a small-strain analysis 29.2.6 Contour integral output 29.2.7 Meshing the crack region and assigning elements 29.2.8 Controlling the singularity at the crack tip 29.2.9 Creating a contour integral crack 29.2.10 Modifying data for contour integrals 29.2.11 Requesting contour integral output 29.3 Using the extended finite element method to model fracture mechanics 29.3.1 An overview of the extended finite element method (XFEM) 29.3.2 Viewing an XFEM crack 29.3.3 Creating an XFEM crack 29.3.4 Deactivating and activating an XFEM crack growth 29.3.5 Specifying a contact interaction property for XFEM 29.4 Managing cracks 30 Gaskets 30.1 Overview of gasket modeling 30.2 Defining materials for gaskets 30.3 Assigning gasket elements to a region 31 Inertia 31.1 Defining inertia 31.2 Managing inertia 31.3 Defining point mass and rotary inertia 31.4 Defining nonstructural mass 31.5 Defining heat capacitance 31.6 Editing the region to which inertia is applied 32 Load cases 32.1 What is a load case? 32.2 Managing load cases 32.3 Load case editors 32.4 Viewing load case output 32.5 Defining a load case 33 Skin and stringer reinforcements 33.1 Defining skin reinforcements 33.2 Defining stringer reinforcements 33.3 Managing skin and stringer reinforcements 33.4 Generating elements on a skin or stringer reinforcement 33.5 Assigning element types to skin or stringer reinforcements 33.6 Using offset meshes to create skin reinforcements 33.7 Assigning surface properties to skins and stringers 33.8 Creating and editing skin reinforcements 33.9 Creating and editing stringer reinforcements 34 Springs and dashpots 34.1 Defining springs and dashpots 34.2 Managing springs and dashpots 34.3 Creating springs and dashpots connecting two points 34.4 Editing springs and dashpots connecting two points 34.5 Creating springs and dashpots connecting points to ground 34.6 Editing the region to which springs and dashpots connecting points to ground are applied 35 Submodeling 35.1 Analyzing the global model 35.2 Creating a submodel 35.3 Removing regions 35.4 Creating the submodel boundary condition 35.5 Creating the submodel load 35.6 Modifying the submodel 35.7 Analyzing the submodel 35.8 Checking the results from the submodel Viewing results 36 Visualization module basics 36.1 Understanding the role of the Visualization module 36.2 Entering and exiting the Visualization module 36.3 Understanding plot states and plot customization 36.3.1 What is a plot state? 36.3.2 Activating plot states 36.3.3 Customizing your plots 36.3.4 Customizing multiple viewports 36.4 Understanding toolsets in the Visualization module 36.5 Understanding Visualization module performance 37 Viewing diagnostic output 37.1 Overview of job diagnostics 37.2 Generating diagnostic information 37.3 Interpreting diagnostic information 37.3.1 Diagnostics summary 37.3.2 Incrementation 37.3.3 Warnings and errors 37.3.4 Residuals 37.3.5 Contact 37.3.6 Elements 37.3.7 Other 37.4 Accessing diagnostic information 38 Selecting model data and analysis results to plot 38.1 Overview of results selection 38.2 Selecting the results step and frame 38.2.1 Selecting a specific results step and frame 38.2.2 Stepping through frames 38.3 Customizing the display of steps and frames in the results 38.3.1 Activating and deactivating steps and frames 38.3.2 Changing the period of a step 38.4 Selecting the field output to display 38.4.1 Overview of field output variable selection 38.4.2 Using the field output toolbar 38.4.3 Selecting the primary field output variable 38.4.4 Selecting the deformed field output variable 38.4.5 Selecting the symbol field output variable 38.4.6 Selecting the status field output variable 38.4.7 Selecting complex results 38.4.8 Selecting section point data Selecting section point data by category Selecting section point data by ply 38.4.9 Selecting contact output 38.5 Selecting result options 38.5.1 Understanding how results are computed 38.5.2 Understanding result value averaging 38.5.3 Understanding complex results 38.5.4 Understanding results caching 38.5.5 Displaying field output values or discontinuities 38.5.6 Controlling result averaging 38.5.7 Controlling computations at region boundaries 38.5.8 Transforming results into a new coordinate system 38.5.9 Controlling the form of complex results 38.5.10 Controlling results caching 38.6 Creating new field output 38.6.1 Building valid field output expressions 38.6.2 Overview of operations on field output 38.6.3 Combining results from several frames 38.6.4 Creating field output by operating on fields 38.6.5 Creating field output by operating on frames 38.7 Creating coordinate systems during postprocessing 38.7.1 An overview of the methods for creating a coordinate system 38.7.2 Creating a fixed coordinate system 38.7.3 Creating a coordinate system following three nodes 38.7.4 Creating a coordinate system following three nodes on a circle 38.7.5 Creating a coordinate system following a single node 38.7.6 Saving a coordinate system to an output database file 39 Plotting the undeformed and deformed shapes 39.1 Understanding undeformed shape plotting 39.2 Understanding deformed shape plotting 39.3 Overview of common plot options 39.4 Producing an undeformed shape plot 39.5 Producing a deformed shape plot 39.6 Superimposing deformed and undeformed model plots 40 Contouring analysis results 40.1 Understanding contour plotting 40.1.1 Understanding how contour values are computed 40.1.2 Understanding how contours are rendered 40.1.3 Understanding contour limits 40.2 Overview of contour plot options 40.3 Producing a contour plot 40.4 Customizing a contour plot 40.4.1 Choosing line-, banded-, or quilt-type contours 40.4.2 Stylizing line-type contours 40.4.3 Customizing banded-type contours 40.4.4 Contouring line-shaped elements with tick mark contour plots 40.4.5 Customizing tick mark contour plots 40.4.6 Choosing the contour method 40.4.7 Setting contour limits 40.4.8 Annotating the minimum and maximum contour values 40.4.9 Controlling how Abaqus/CAE computes contour limits 40.4.10 Customizing contour colors 40.4.11 Creating a new color spectrum 40.4.12 Customizing contour intervals 41 Plotting analysis results as symbols 41.1 Understanding symbol plotting 41.2 Overview of symbol plot options 41.3 Producing a results symbol plot 41.4 Customizing symbol plot appearance 41.4.1 Customizing symbol plot arrows 41.4.2 Setting vector and tensor limits 41.4.3 Customizing vector and tensor labels 42 Plotting material orientations 42.1 Understanding material orientation plotting 42.2 Overview of material orientation plot options 42.3 Producing a material orientation plot 42.4 Customizing material orientation plot appearance 42.4.1 Customizing material orientation plot triads 43 X–Y plotting 43.1 Understanding X–Y plotting 43.1.1 What is an X–Y data object, and what is an X–Y plot? 43.1.2 Understanding how to specify an X–Y data object 43.1.3 Understanding “Temp” and other X–Y data object names 43.1.4 Understanding quantity types 43.2 Specifying and saving X–Y data objects 43.2.1 Reading X–Y data from output database history output 43.2.2 Reading X–Y data from output database field output 43.2.3 Reading X–Y data through the thickness of a shell 43.2.4 Reading X–Y data from an ASCII file 43.2.5 Entering X–Y data from the keyboard 43.2.6 Saving an X–Y data object 43.2.7 Copying a session X–Y data object to an output database file 43.2.8 Loading an X–Y data object to the current session 43.2.9 Editing individual data points in an X–Y data object 43.3 Producing an X–Y plot 43.4 Operating on saved X–Y data objects 43.4.1 Understanding how to operate on saved X–Y data objects 43.4.2 Understanding X–Y data interpolation and extrapolation 43.4.3 Operating on saved X–Y data objects 43.4.4 Overview of X–Y data operations 43.4.5 Using addition on X–Y data objects 43.4.6 Using negation or subtraction on X–Y data objects 43.4.7 Using multiplication on X–Y data objects 43.4.8 Using division on X–Y data objects 43.4.9 Taking the absolute value of an X–Y data object 43.4.10 Finding the average of two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.11 Finding the current average of an X–Y data object 43.4.12 Differentiating an X–Y data object 43.4.13 Performing curve fitting on an X–Y data object 43.4.14 Integrating an X–Y data object 43.4.15 Interpolating an X–Y data object 43.4.16 Linearizing an X–Y data object 43.4.17 Normalizing an X–Y data object 43.4.18 Taking the square root of an X–Y data object 43.4.19 Taking the square root of the sum of the squares of two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.20 Summing two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.21 Calculating vector magnitudes 43.4.22 Applying trigonometric functions to an X–Y data object 43.4.23 Taking the exponential of an X–Y data object 43.4.24 Applying logarithmic functions to an X–Y data object 43.4.25 Raising an X–Y data object to a power 43.4.26 Applying Butterworth filtering to an X–Y data object 43.4.27 Applying Chebyshev Type I or Type II filtering to an X–Y data object 43.4.28 Reducing the sample size of an X–Y data object 43.4.29 Applying SAE filtering to an X–Y data object 43.4.30 Applying sine-Butterworth filtering to an X–Y data object 43.4.31 Smoothing an X–Y data object 43.4.32 Finding the current maximum of an X–Y data object 43.4.33 Finding the current minimum of an X–Y data object 43.4.34 Finding the current range of an X–Y data object 43.4.35 Finding the current maximum of two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.36 Finding the current minimum of two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.37 Finding the current range of two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.38 Appending two or more X–Y data objects 43.4.39 Combining two X–Y data objects 43.4.40 Converting the angular units used for X–Y data objects 43.4.41 Swapping the order of an X–Y data object 43.4.42 Truncating data from the ends of an X–Y data object 43.5 Customizing X–Y plot axes 43.5.1 Overview of X–Y plot axis options 43.5.2 Plotting multiple X–Y data objects with different variables 43.5.3 Customizing the X–Y plot axis scale 43.5.4 Customizing the X–Y plot axis range 43.5.5 Customizing the X–Y plot axis tick mode 43.5.6 Customizing X–Y plot axis tick marks 43.5.7 Customizing the X–Y plot axis titles 43.5.8 Customizing the placement of X–Y plot axes 43.5.9 Customizing the X–Y plot axis labels 43.5.10 Customizing the X–Y plot axis color and style 43.6 Customizing X–Y curve appearance 43.6.1 Overview of customizing X–Y curve appearance 43.6.2 Selecting one or more X–Y curves to customize 43.6.3 Customizing the X–Y plot legend 43.6.4 Customizing the appearance of an X–Y curve 43.6.5 Customizing the symbols used on an X–Y curve 43.6.6 Editing the list of auto-colors for X–Y plots 43.7 Customizing X–Y plot appearance 43.7.1 Customizing the grid lines for an X–Y plot 43.7.2 Customizing the border and fill color for an X–Y plot 43.7.3 Customizing X–Y plot size and shape 43.7.4 Customizing the position of an X–Y plot 43.8 Customizing the X–Y plot title 43.8.1 Customizing the contents of the X–Y plot title 43.8.2 Customizing the location of the X–Y plot title 43.8.3 Adding a bounding box and fill color for the X–Y plot title 43.9 Customizing the appearance of the X–Y plot legend 43.9.1 Displaying or hiding the X–Y plot legend 43.9.2 Customizing the title of the X–Y plot legend 43.9.3 Adding minimum and maximum values to the X–Y plot legend 43.9.4 Customizing the location of the legend 43.9.5 Customizing the border and fill for the X–Y plot legend 43.10 Customizing border and fill colors for an X–Y plot 44 Viewing results along a path 44.1 Understanding results along a path 44.1.1 Path specification 44.1.2 How Abaqus/CAE obtains results along a path 44.2 Creating a path through your model 44.2.1 Creating or editing a node list path 44.2.2 Creating or editing a point list path 44.2.3 Creating or editing an edge list path 44.2.4 Creating or editing a circular path 44.3 Obtaining X–Y data along a path 44.3.1 Choosing the path locations at which to obtain data 44.3.2 Controlling data pair X-values 44.3.3 Controlling data pair Y-values 45 Animating plots 45.1 Understanding animation 45.1.1 Time history animation 45.1.2 Scale factor animation 45.1.3 Harmonic animation 45.2 Producing and customizing an object-based animation 45.2.1 Producing a time history animation 45.2.2 Producing a scale factor animation 45.2.3 Producing a harmonic animation 45.2.4 Customizing a scale factor or harmonic animation 45.2.5 Customizing the underlying plot of an animation 45.3 Saving an animation file 45.3.1 Saving animations 45.3.2 Choosing the animation file format 45.4 Controlling animation playback 45.4.1 Stopping, restarting, and stepping through an animation 45.4.2 Navigating to a specific frame in the animation 45.4.3 Controlling animation speed and repetition 45.4.4 Showing the animation frame counter 45.4.5 Customizing animation of X–Y plots 45.4.6 Controlling animations in multiple viewports 45.4.7 Customizing the time history of synchronized viewports 46 Cutting through a model 46.1 Understanding view cuts 46.2 Managing view cuts 46.2.1 Creating or editing a view cut 46.2.2 Displaying a cut section and its free body cut 46.2.3 Repositioning a view cut 46.2.4 Copying, renaming, and deleting a view cut 46.2.5 Customizing the cut model display 46.2.6 Customizing free body display on the active view cut 47 Querying the model in the Visualization module 47.1 Overview of Query toolset in the Visualization module 47.2 Using the Query toolset 47.2.1 Querying the model in the Visualization module 47.2.2 Querying active node or element labels 48 Probing the model 48.1 Understanding probing 48.1.1 Model plot probes 48.1.2 X–Y plot probes 48.2 Using the Query toolset to probe the model 48.2.1 Overview of probe options 48.2.2 Probing nodes 48.2.3 Probing elements 48.2.4 Probing X–Y plots 49 Calculating linearized stresses 49.1 Understanding stress linearization 49.1.1 Defining the stress line 49.1.2 Extraction of the stress results 49.2 Stress linearization example 49.3 Obtaining linearized stress results 50 Viewing a ply stack plot 50.1 Overview of ply stack plots 50.2 Customizing ply stack plots 50.2.1 An overview of ply stack plot options 50.2.2 Customizing basic ply stack plot options 50.2.3 Customizing the appearance of fibers in a ply stack plot 50.2.4 Customizing the reference surface in a ply stack plot 50.2.5 Customizing the labels in a ply stack plot 51 Generating tabular data reports 51.1 Producing a tabular report 51.2 Overview of tabular report options 51.3 Selecting report data 51.3.1 Selecting X–Y data objects 51.3.2 Selecting field output variables 51.3.3 Selecting field output section points 51.3.4 Selecting options and thresholds for free body cut reports 51.4 Specifying your report file name 51.5 Controlling report layout, width, and format 51.6 Sorting field output data 51.7 Formatting report values 51.8 Reporting data values, minimums, maximums, and totals 52 Customizing plot display 52.1 Overview of plot display customization 52.2 Customizing render style, translucency, and fill color 52.2.1 Choosing a render style 52.2.2 Customizing translucency 52.2.3 Selecting overall fill color 52.3 Customizing element and surface edges 52.3.1 Controlling element and surface edge visibility 52.3.2 Defining model feature edges 52.3.3 Selecting overall element and surface edge color 52.3.4 Customizing element and surface edge style 52.4 Customizing model shape 52.4.1 Scaling deformations 52.4.2 Scaling coordinates and shrinking the model 52.5 Customizing model labels 52.5.1 Setting the label font 52.5.2 Customizing element labels 52.5.3 Customizing face labels 52.5.4 Customizing node labels 52.5.5 Customizing node symbols 52.5.6 Displaying nodal-averaged orientations 52.6 Displaying multiple plot states 52.7 Displaying element and surface normals 52.8 Customizing the appearance of display bodies 52.9 Customizing camera movement 52.10 Controlling the display of model entities 52.11 Customizing general model display 52.11.1 Sweeping and extruding your model 52.11.2 Using mirrors and patterns to display your results 52.11.3 Refining curved edges and faces 52.11.4 Coloring elements with no results 53 Customizing viewport annotations 53.1 Customizing the legend 53.2 Customizing the title block 53.3 Customizing the state block 53.4 Overview of viewport annotation options Using toolsets 54 The Amplitude toolset 54.1 Understanding the role of the Amplitude toolset 54.2 Understanding the amplitude editors 54.3 Selecting an amplitude type to define 54.4 Using tabular data to define an amplitude curve 54.5 Using equally spaced data to define an amplitude curve 54.6 Using periodic data to define an amplitude curve 54.7 Using modulated data to define an amplitude curve 54.8 Using exponential decay data to define an amplitude curve 54.9 Defining a solution-dependent amplitude curve 54.10 Using smooth step data to define an amplitude curve 54.11 Defining a user-defined amplitude curve 55 The Analytical Field toolset 55.1 Using the Analytical Field toolset 55.2 Building valid expressions 55.3 Overview of operations and functions in expression fields 55.4 Using analytical fields 55.4.1 Evaluating expression fields 55.4.2 Displaying symbols for interactions and prescribed conditions that specify analytical fields 55.5 Creating analytical fields using expressions 56 The Attachment toolset 56.1 Understanding attachment points and lines 56.2 Understanding the projection methods 56.3 Creating attachment points by picking or reading from a file 56.4 Creating attachment points by choosing a direction and a spacing 56.5 Creating patterns of attachment points based on edges 56.6 Creating attachment lines by projecting points 56.7 Editing attachment points and lines 56.7.1 Editing attachment points created by choosing a direction and a spacing 56.7.2 Editing attachment points created by a pattern based on edges 56.7.3 Editing attachment lines created by projecting points 56.8 Removing attachment points and lines 57 The CAD Connection toolset 57.1 Creating a CAD connection 57.2 Updating geometry parameters in an imported model 58 The Customize toolset 58.1 Configuring the visibility of toolbars 58.2 Configuring keyboard shortcuts 58.3 Custom toolbars 58.4 Configuring icons in custom toolbars 58.5 Using the Customize toolset 58.5.1 Hiding toolbars 58.5.2 Creating, modifying, and removing keyboard shortcuts 58.5.3 Displaying existing keyboard shortcuts 58.5.4 Creating and modifying custom toolbars 58.5.5 Changing icon assignments 58.5.6 Restoring toolbars to their default settings 59 The Datum toolset 59.1 Understanding the role of datum geometry 59.2 Using the Datum toolset 59.3 Why are datum coordinate systems so important? 59.4 Understanding a datum as a feature 59.5 An overview of datum creation techniques 59.5.1 An overview of the methods for creating a datum point 59.5.2 An overview of the methods for creating a datum axis 59.5.3 An overview of the methods for creating a datum plane 59.5.4 An overview of the methods for creating a datum coordinate system 59.6 Creating datum points 59.6.1 Creating a datum point by entering its coordinates 59.6.2 Creating a datum point at an offset from a selected point 59.6.3 Creating a datum point midway between two points 59.6.4 Creating a datum point at a specified distance from two edges 59.6.5 Creating a datum point by entering an edge parameter 59.6.6 Creating a datum point by projecting a point on a face 59.6.7 Creating a datum point by projecting a point on a line 59.7 Creating datum axes 59.7.1 Creating a datum axis along a principal axis 59.7.2 Creating a datum axis along the intersection of two planes 59.7.3 Creating a datum axis along a straight edge 59.7.4 Creating a datum axis through two points 59.7.5 Creating a datum axis along the axis of a cylinder 59.7.6 Creating a datum axis normal to a plane and passing through a point 59.7.7 Creating a datum axis parallel to a line and passing through a point 59.7.8 Creating a datum axis running along the axis of a circle defined by three points 59.7.9 Creating a datum axis by rotating an existing edge through a specified angle 59.8 Creating datum planes 59.8.1 Creating a datum plane offset from a principal plane 59.8.2 Creating a datum plane at an offset from a selected plane 59.8.3 Creating a datum plane passing through three points 59.8.4 Creating a datum plane through a line and a point 59.8.5 Creating a datum plane passing through a point and normal to an edge 59.8.6 Create a datum plane midway between two points and normal to the line connecting the two points 59.8.7 Creating a datum plane by rotating an existing face through a specified angle 59.9 Creating datum coordinate systems 59.9.1 Creating a datum coordinate system defined by three points 59.9.2 Creating a datum coordinate system at an offset from another coordinate system 59.9.3 Creating a datum coordinate system defined by two lines 60 The Discrete Field toolset 60.1 Using the Discrete Field toolset 60.2 Creating discrete fields 60.3 Evaluating discrete fields 60.4 Creating discrete fields for material volume fractions 61 The Edit Mesh toolset 61.1 What can I do with the Edit Mesh toolset? 61.1.1 Manipulating nodes 61.1.2 Manipulating elements 61.1.3 Manipulating the mesh 61.1.4 Refining the mesh 61.2 What is the difference between editing an orphan mesh part, a meshed part, and a meshed part instance in the assembly? 61.3 Meshing strategies and mesh editing techniques 61.3.1 A strategy for improving the mesh 61.3.2 Using offset meshes in Abaqus/CAE 61.3.3 Reducing element distortion and collapse during mesh offsetting 61.3.4 Allowing for branching in offset solid meshes 61.3.5 Creating a mid-plane shell mesh from a thin solid model 61.3.6 Using a combination of tools to mesh an imported solid part with tetrahedral elements 61.4 An overview of the mesh editing tools 61.5 Editing nodes 61.5.1 Creating a node 61.5.2 Editing nodes 61.5.3 Projecting nodes 61.5.4 Deleting nodes 61.5.5 Merging nodes 61.5.6 Adjusting the position of midside nodes 61.6 Editing elements 61.6.1 Creating an element 61.6.2 Deleting elements 61.6.3 Reversing the surface normal direction of shell elements 61.6.4 Orienting the stack direction 61.6.5 Collapsing an edge of a quadrilateral or triangular element 61.6.6 Splitting an edge of a quadrilateral or triangular element 61.6.7 Swapping the diagonal of a pair of adjacent triangular elements 61.6.8 Splitting quadrilateral elements 61.6.9 Combining triangular elements 61.7 Editing the entire mesh 61.7.1 Generating layers of solid elements offset from an existing mesh 61.7.2 Generating layers of shell elements offset from an existing mesh 61.7.3 Wrapping a mesh about the Z-axis 61.7.4 Collapsing short edges of a linear, triangular orphan mesh 61.7.5 Converting a triangular shell mesh to a solid tetrahedral mesh 61.7.6 Converting a solid orphan mesh to a shell orphan mesh 61.8 Editing and refining an orphan mesh 61.8.1 Refining a planar, triangular mesh 61.9 Undoing or redoing a change in the Edit Mesh toolset 61.9.1 Undoing or redoing mesh editing actions 61.9.2 Enabling undo and managing the cache 62 The Feature Manipulation toolset 62.1 Using the Feature Manipulation toolset 62.2 Using the Model Tree to manage features 62.3 Tuning feature regeneration 62.3.1 What is regeneration? 62.3.2 What is a geometric state? 62.3.3 What is a cache? 62.3.4 What are self-intersection checks? 62.3.5 How are position constraints regenerated? 62.4 Modifying and manipulating features 62.4.1 Editing a feature 62.4.2 Renaming a feature 62.4.3 Suppressing a feature 62.4.4 Resuming suppressed features 62.4.5 Deleting a feature 62.4.6 Regenerating a part or assembly 62.4.7 Tuning regeneration performance 62.4.8 Using the Model Tree to obtain feature information 63 The Filter toolset 63.1 Filtering field and history data 63.2 Applying bounding values to field and history data 63.3 Creating a filter 64 The Free Body toolset 64.1 Resultant forces and moments on free body cuts in Abaqus/CAE 64.2 Creating a free body cut 64.3 Selection methods for free body cross-sections 64.4 Displaying, hiding, and highlighting free body cuts 64.5 Customizing free body cut display 64.5.1 Customizing general display options for free body cuts 64.5.2 Customizing colors for vector components 64.5.3 Displaying or hiding individual component vectors 64.5.4 Scaling vector length for free body cuts 64.5.5 Customizing the display of labels in a free body cut 65 The Options toolset 65.1 Customizing memory limits and regeneration options 65.2 Using view manipulation shortcuts 65.3 Scaling the size of icons 66 The Geometry Repair toolset 66.1 Using the Geometry Repair toolset 66.2 An overview of repair techniques 66.2.1 An overview of the methods for repairing edges 66.2.2 An overview of the methods for repairing faces 66.2.3 An overview of the methods for repairing entire parts 66.3 What is stitching? 66.4 A strategy for repairing geometry 66.5 Repairing edges 66.5.1 Repairing small edges 66.5.2 Merging edges 66.5.3 Repairing invalid edges 66.5.4 Removing redundant entities 66.5.5 Removing wire edges 66.6 Repairing faces 66.6.1 Repairing small faces 66.6.2 Creating a new face 66.6.3 Replace faces 66.6.4 Repairing a sliver 66.6.5 Removing faces 66.7 Repairing parts 66.7.1 Stitching faces 66.7.2 Repairing face normals 66.7.3 Converting to analytical 66.7.4 Converting to precise 67 The Partition toolset 67.1 Understanding the role of partitions 67.2 Using the Partition toolset 67.3 Understanding partitions 67.3.1 Why partition? 67.3.2 Partitions as features 67.4 An overview of partitioning techniques 67.4.1 An overview of the methods for partitioning edges 67.4.2 An overview of the methods for partitioning faces 67.4.3 An overview of the methods for partitioning cells 67.5 Partitioning edges 67.5.1 Using the specify parameter by location method to partition edges 67.5.2 Using the enter parameter method to partition edges 67.5.3 Using the pick midpoint/datum point method to partition an edge 67.5.4 Using the datum plane method to partition edges 67.6 Partitioning faces 67.6.1 Using the sketch method to partition faces 67.6.2 Using the shortest path method to partition faces 67.6.3 Using the datum plane method to partition faces 67.6.4 Using the curved path method to partition a face 67.6.5 Using the extended face method to partition faces 67.6.6 Using the intersection method to partition faces 67.6.7 Using the automatic generation method to partition faces 67.7 Partitioning cells 67.7.1 Using the cutting plane method to partition cells 67.7.2 Using the datum plane method to partition cells 67.7.3 Using the extended face method to partition cells 67.7.4 Using the extrude/sweep method to partition cells 67.7.5 Using the N-sided patch method to partition a cell 67.7.6 Using the sketch planar partition method to partition a cell 68 The Query toolset 68.1 Understanding the role of the Query toolset 68.1.1 General queries 68.1.2 Module-specific queries 68.2 Querying the model 68.2.1 Using the Query toolset to query the model 68.2.2 Obtaining general information about the model 68.2.3 Querying mass properties 68.2.4 Using the geometry diagnostic tools 69 The Reference Point toolset 69.1 What is a reference point? 69.2 What is a reference point used for? 69.3 Creating a reference point 70 The Set and Surface toolsets 70.1 Understanding the role of the Set and Surface toolsets 70.2 Understanding sets and surfaces 70.2.1 What is a set? 70.2.2 How do part sets and assembly sets differ? 70.2.3 What is a surface? 70.2.4 Regeneration of geometry sets and surfaces 70.2.5 Specifying a particular side or end of a region 70.3 Using the Set and Surface toolsets 70.3.1 Creating, editing, renaming, and deleting sets and surfaces 70.3.2 Creating sets 70.3.3 Creating surfaces 70.3.4 Merging sets or surfaces 70.3.5 Editing sets and surfaces 70.3.6 Associating objects (such as loads and sections) with sets and surfaces 71 The Virtual Topology toolset 71.1 What is virtual topology? 71.2 What can I do with the Virtual Topology toolset? 71.3 What can I do with a part or a part instance containing virtual topology? 71.4 Why repair a part if I can use virtual topology? 71.5 Creating virtual topology based on geometric parameters 71.6 Using the Virtual Topology toolset 71.6.1 Creating virtual topology automatically 71.6.2 Combining faces 71.6.3 Combining edges 71.6.4 Ignoring edges and vertices 71.6.5 Restoring entities that were replaced by virtual topology Customizing model display 72 Customizing geometry and mesh display 72.1 Overview of geometry and mesh display options 72.2 Choosing a render style 72.3 Controlling edge visibility 72.4 Controlling curve refinement 72.5 Defining mesh feature edges 72.6 Controlling beam profile display 72.7 Controlling datum display 72.8 Controlling the display of individual coordinate systems 72.9 Controlling reference point display 72.10 Customizing mesh display 72.11 Controlling model lighting 72.12 Controlling instance visibility 72.13 Controlling the display of attributes 72.14 Saving your display options settings 73 Color coding geometry and mesh elements 73.1 Understanding color coding 73.1.1 Color coding concepts 73.1.2 Color coding in the Visualization module 73.2 Changing the initial color 73.3 Changing the translucency 73.4 Coloring geometry and mesh elements 73.5 Coloring all geometry in the Visualization module 73.6 Coloring nodes or elements in the Visualization module 73.7 Customizing the display color of individual objects 73.8 Displaying multiple color mappings 73.9 Editing the colors in the Auto-Color List 73.10 Saving and restoring custom color mappings 74 Using display groups to display subsets of your model 74.1 Understanding display groups 74.1.1 Understanding how to create display groups 74.1.2 Understanding display group Boolean operations 74.2 Managing display groups 74.2.1 Creating or editing a display group 74.2.2 Selection methods for creating or editing a display group 74.2.3 Copying, renaming, and deleting a display group 74.2.4 Plotting display groups 74.2.5 Customizing display groups in the Visualization module 74.2.6 Applying display groups to multiple viewports and models 75 Overlaying multiple plots 75.1 Understanding how to overlay plots 75.2 Producing and modifying overlay plots 75.2.1 Producing an overlay plot 75.2.2 Reordering the layers in an overlay plot 75.2.3 Manipulating the view for an overlay plot 75.2.4 Editing the layers in an overlay plot Using plug-ins 76 The Plug-in toolset 76.1 What is a plug-in? 76.2 Where can I get plug-ins? 76.3 How can I get information about a plug-in? 76.4 An example of a Python module and a function 76.5 What can I do with a GUI plug-in? 76.6 How do I make a plug-in available from Abaqus/CAE? 76.6.1 Where are plug-in files stored? 76.6.2 What are the kernel and GUI registration commands? 76.6.3 An example of adding a kernel plug-in to the Plug-ins menu 76.6.4 An example of adding a kernel plug-in to a plug-ins toolbox 76.6.5 An example of adding a GUI plug-in to the Plug-ins menu 76.7 How are kernel plug-ins executed? 76.8 Overwriting plug-ins 76.9 How are GUI plug-ins executed? 76.10 Hiding a plug-in's source code 76.11 Abaqus/CAE modules and plug-ins 76.12 How can I provide information about a plug-in? 77 Abaqus plug-ins 77.1 Running the Getting Started with Abaqus examples 77.2 Creating a GUI plug-in 77.3 Creating a kernel plug-in 77.4 Creating dialog boxes with the Really Simple GUI (RSG) Dialog Builder 77.5 Upgrading a script 77.5.1 Introduction 77.5.2 Using the upgrade script plug-in 77.6 Displaying modal contribution factors 77.6.1 Introduction 77.6.2 Preparing the structural and/or acoustic data 77.6.3 An overview of the MCF plug-in 77.6.4 Computing the modal contribution factors 77.6.5 Displaying modal contribution factors 77.6.6 Ranking criterion for modal contribution factors 77.7 Displaying the history of the adaptive remeshing error indicator 77.7.1 Introduction 77.7.2 Using the adaptivity plotter plug-in 77.8 Generating a report of postprocessing results 77.9 Exchanging data between Abaqus/CAE and Microsoft Excel A Keyword support A.1 Abaqus keyword browser table A.2 Keyword support from the input file reader B Special element types C Special graphical symbols C.1 Symbols used to represent prescribed conditions C.2 Symbols used to represent interactions, constraints, and connectors C.3 Symbols used to represent special engineering features C.4 Symbols used in the Visualization module D Element and output variable support